Tazid500 mg/vial

Tazid 500 mg/vial Injection is a broad-spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic indicated for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible strains of designated organisms. Because it is delivered parenterally and remains stable against many bacterial enzymes, it is widely used for moderate to severe and hospital-acquired infections. It is prescribed for the following conditions:

• Lower Respiratory Tract Infections: Including pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Pseudomonas species, Haemophilus influenzae (including ampicillin-resistant strains), Klebsiella species, Enterobacter species, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Serratia species, Citrobacter species, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus.
• Skin and Skin Structure Infections: Caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella species, Escherichia coli, Proteus species (including Proteus mirabilis and indole-positive Proteus), Enterobacter species, Serratia species, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes (group A beta-hemolytic streptococci).
• Urinary Tract Infections: Both complicated and uncomplicated, caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter species, Proteus species (including Proteus mirabilis and indole-positive Proteus), Klebsiella species, and Escherichia coli.
• Bacterial Septicemia: Caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella species, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Serratia species, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus.
• Bone and Joint Infections: Caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella species, Enterobacter species, and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus.
• Gynecologic Infections: Including endometritis, pelvic cellulitis, and other infections of the female genital tract caused by Escherichia coli.
• Intra-abdominal Infections: Including peritonitis caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, as well as polymicrobial infections caused by aerobic and anaerobic organisms and Bacteroides species.
• Central Nervous System Infections: Including meningitis, caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Before initiating therapy, appropriate culture and susceptibility studies should be performed to identify the causative organism and confirm its sensitivity to ceftazidime.

Third generation Cephalosporins

Ceftazidime is a semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, beta-lactam antibiotic intended for parenteral administration. It exerts a bactericidal action by inhibiting the enzymes responsible for bacterial cell-wall synthesis, ultimately causing cell lysis and death of susceptible organisms.

A wide range of gram-negative organisms are susceptible to ceftazidime in vitro, including strains resistant to gentamicin and other aminoglycosides. In addition, ceftazidime demonstrates activity against several gram-positive organisms. A defining feature of the drug is its high stability against most clinically important beta-lactamases, whether plasmid-mediated or chromosomal, produced by both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. As a result, ceftazidime remains active against many strains that are resistant to ampicillin and other cephalosporins, making it a valuable option for serious and multidrug-resistant infections.

Ceftazidime is not significantly metabolized in the body and is excreted almost exclusively unchanged by the kidneys through glomerular filtration, which is an important consideration when dosing patients with impaired renal function.

Ceftazidime should be used with awareness of the following potential interactions:

• Aminoglycosides: Concurrent use of high doses of ceftazidime with nephrotoxic drugs such as aminoglycosides may adversely affect renal function. Renal function should be monitored closely during combination therapy.
• Potent diuretics: Co-administration with strong diuretics, such as furosemide, may also increase the risk of nephrotoxicity and warrants monitoring of kidney function.
• Chloramphenicol: This agent has been shown to be antagonistic to ceftazidime and other cephalosporins in vitro; concurrent use is generally not recommended.
• Laboratory test interference: Ceftazidime may cause a false-positive reaction for glucose in the urine when tested with copper-reduction methods (such as Benedict's or Fehling's solution). Enzyme-based glucose tests are recommended instead. A positive Coombs' test may also develop during therapy.

Ceftazidime is generally well tolerated. The most common side effects are local reactions at the injection site following intravenous administration, along with allergic and gastrointestinal reactions.

• Hypersensitivity reactions: Pruritus (itching), rash, and fever. Angioedema and anaphylaxis have been reported very rarely.
• Gastrointestinal reactions: Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
• Central nervous system reactions: Headache, dizziness, and paresthesia (tingling sensations).
• Local reactions: Pain or inflammation at the injection or infusion site, including phlebitis following IV administration.

Any severe or persistent adverse reaction, particularly signs of a serious allergic response or prolonged diarrhea, should be reported promptly to a physician.

Pregnancy: No adequate and well-controlled studies have been conducted with ceftazidime in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed and under the guidance of a physician.

Lactation: Ceftazidime is excreted in human milk in low concentrations. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, and because the safety of ceftazidime in nursing infants has not been fully established, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the treatment to the mother.

The total daily dosage should be reduced when ceftazidime is administered to patients with renal insufficiency, as the drug is cleared primarily by the kidneys.

Ceftazidime should be prescribed with caution in individuals with a history of gastrointestinal disease, particularly colitis, because antibiotic therapy can alter the normal flora of the colon. As with other broad-spectrum antibiotics, prolonged use may result in the overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms and lead to superinfection. The development of persistent diarrhea during or after treatment may indicate Clostridioides difficile-associated colitis and should be evaluated promptly.

Before initiating therapy, careful inquiry should be made regarding previous hypersensitivity reactions to cephalosporins, penicillins, or other drugs.

Ceftazidime overdosage has occurred mainly in patients with renal failure, in whom the drug can accumulate to toxic levels. Reported reactions include seizure activity, encephalopathy, asterixis (flapping tremor), neuromuscular excitability, and coma.

Patients who receive an acute overdose should be observed carefully and given supportive treatment. Serum concentrations of ceftazidime can be reduced by hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, which may be beneficial in cases of severe toxicity, particularly in patients with compromised kidney function.

Store the dry powder below 25°C, protected from light and moisture. Keep the medicine out of the reach of children. Once reconstituted, the prepared solution is stable for up to 24 hours when stored between 2°C and 8°C (refrigerated). Do not use the solution beyond this period, and discard any unused portion appropriately.

Impaired Renal Function: Ceftazidime is excreted by the kidneys almost exclusively through glomerular filtration. In patients with impaired renal function (glomerular filtration rate below 50 mL/min), the dosage should be reduced to compensate for slower excretion. In patients with suspected renal insufficiency, an initial loading dose of 1 gram of ceftazidime may be given, and an estimate of GFR should be made to determine the appropriate maintenance dosage.

Dosage in Peritoneal Dialysis: Ceftazidime may be used in peritoneal dialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). In addition to intravenous use, it can be incorporated directly into the dialysis fluid, usually at a concentration of 125 to 250 mg per 2 liters of dialysis fluid.

Impaired Hepatic Function: No adjustment in dosage is required for patients with hepatic dysfunction.

Ceftazidime is supplied as a single-dose vial and must be reconstituted with Sterile Water for Injection (WFI) before administration. The volume of diluent depends on the vial strength and the intended route, as shown below.

Third generation Cephalosporins

Ceftazidime is a semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, beta-lactam antibiotic for parenteral administration. Ceftazidime is bactericidal in action exerting its effect by inhibition of enzymes responsible for cell-wall synthesis. A wide range of gram-negative organisms is susceptible to ceftazidime in vitro, including strains resistant to gentamicin and other aminoglycosides. In addition, ceftazidime has been shown to be active against gram-positive organisms. It is highly stable to most clinically important beta-lactamases, plasmid or chromosomal, which are produced by both gram-negative and gram-positive organisms and, consequently, is active against many strains resistant to ampicillin and other cephalosporins.

Pregnancy: No adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women have been conducted with Ceftazidime. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.Lactation: Ceftazidime is excreted in human milk in low concentrations. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because the safety of the component of the injections in nursing infants has not been established, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.

Impaired Renal Function: Ceftazidime is excreted by the kidneys, almost exclusively by glomerular filtration. Therefore, in patients with impaired renal function (glomerular filtration rate <50 mL/min), it is recommended that the dosage of ceftazidime be reduced to compensate for its slower excretion. In patients with suspected renal insufficiency, an initial loading dose of 1 gram of Ceftazidime may be given. An estimate of GFR should be made to determine the appropriate maintenance dosage.Dosage in peritoneal dialysis: Ceftazidime may also be used in peritoneal dialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). As well as using Ceftazidime intravenously, it can be incorporated into the dialysis fluid (usually 125 to 250 mg for 2L of dialysis fluid).Impaired Hepatic Function: No adjustment in dosage is required for patients with hepatic dysfunction.