Dilarof500 mcg

Dilarof is indicated as a treatment to reduce the risk of exacerbations (flare-ups) in adults with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) associated with chronic bronchitis who have a history of frequent exacerbations.

• Established/FDA-approved use: Maintenance treatment to reduce the frequency of COPD exacerbations in patients with severe COPD and chronic bronchitis with a history of exacerbations, used as an add-on (adjunct) to bronchodilator therapy (e.g., long-acting bronchodilators).
• Important distinction: Dilarof is not a bronchodilator and does not provide immediate relief of acute bronchospasm or acute worsening of COPD symptoms.

Use of Dilarof for any other condition should only be considered under specific physician guidance, as this is not an approved indication for this oral formulation.

Dilarof is an oral, selective phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor used specifically to reduce exacerbations in a defined group of patients with severe COPD and chronic bronchitis. Unlike bronchodilators, which relax airway muscle for quick symptom relief, Dilarof works by reducing the underlying airway inflammation associated with COPD. It is supplied as an oral tablet taken once daily as long-term maintenance therapy, used together with — not instead of — other prescribed COPD medicines.

Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent used specifically in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) management.

Mechanism of action: Roflumilast and its active metabolite roflumilast N-oxide selectively inhibit phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4), the predominant PDE enzyme in inflammatory and structural cells relevant to COPD. Inhibiting PDE4 raises intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP), which reduces release of inflammatory mediators and suppresses activation of neutrophils, macrophages, T-lymphocytes, and other cells implicated in COPD-related airway inflammation. This anti-inflammatory action — not bronchodilation — is what underlies its ability to reduce exacerbation frequency.

Pharmacokinetics: Roflumilast is well absorbed after oral administration (absolute bioavailability approximately 80%) and is extensively metabolized, mainly via CYP3A4 and CYP1A2, to its active N-oxide metabolite. Both the parent drug and metabolite are highly protein-bound. Elimination half-life is approximately 17 hours for Roflumilast and about 30 hours for the N-oxide metabolite, supporting once-daily dosing. Metabolites are eliminated primarily via the kidneys.

Dilarof is metabolized mainly by CYP3A4 and CYP1A2, so interactions primarily involve drugs that affect these enzymes:

• Strong CYP3A4 enzyme inducers (e.g., rifampicin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin): may substantially reduce blood levels and efficacy of Dilarof; concurrent use should generally be avoided.
• Strong dual CYP3A4/1A2 inhibitors (e.g., fluvoxamine): may significantly increase exposure to Dilarof, raising the risk of adverse effects; concurrent use should generally be avoided.
• Moderate combined CYP3A4/1A2 inhibitors (e.g., cimetidine): may increase exposure to Dilarof; dose adjustment is not usually required, but use with caution and physician monitoring.

Inform your physician of all medicines, supplements, and herbal products you are taking before starting Dilarof.

The most commonly reported side effects of Dilarof include:

• Diarrhea
• Weight loss / decreased appetite
• Nausea
• Headache
• Insomnia
• Back pain and other musculoskeletal pain
• Dizziness

Psychiatric effects such as anxiety, depression, and — rarely — suicidal thoughts or behavior have been reported (see Precautions and Warnings). Gastrointestinal side effects tend to occur early in treatment and often diminish over time; however, any persistent or severe symptoms, mood changes, or significant unintentional weight loss should be reported to a physician promptly.

Pregnancy: Data on the use of Dilarof in pregnant women are limited. Dilarof should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed and if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Consult a physician before use if pregnant or planning pregnancy.

Lactation: It is not known whether Dilarof or its metabolites are excreted in human breast milk, though animal studies have shown excretion into milk. A decision to discontinue breastfeeding or discontinue Dilarof should be made taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother, in consultation with a physician.

Not a bronchodilator: Dilarof is not indicated for relief of acute bronchospasm or sudden worsening of COPD symptoms; it does not provide immediate symptom relief and must not be used as rescue therapy.

Psychiatric effects (important safety concern): Use of Dilarof has been associated with psychiatric adverse events, including insomnia, anxiety, and depression, and with postmarketing reports of suicidal ideation and behavior, including completed suicide. Patients and caregivers should be advised to alert their physician about any new or worsening mood changes, unusual behavior, or suicidal thoughts. Use with particular caution in patients with a history of depression or psychiatric illness, and discontinue if significant psychiatric symptoms occur.

Weight loss: Dilarof is associated with weight loss in some patients. Body weight should be monitored regularly during treatment, especially in patients who are underweight, and Dilarof should be discontinued if unexplained or clinically significant weight loss occurs.

Hepatic impairment: Use with caution in mild hepatic impairment; contraindicated in moderate-to-severe hepatic impairment (see Contraindications).

Do not stop other prescribed COPD medicines when starting Dilarof unless instructed by your physician.

In case of a suspected overdose of Dilarof, seek immediate medical attention or contact emergency services/poison control. Reported effects of overdose (at doses several times the recommended dose) include headache, gastrointestinal upset (nausea, diarrhea), dizziness, and palpitations, generally more frequent or severe than at recommended doses. There is no specific antidote; management is supportive and symptomatic, and should be carried out under medical supervision.

Store at room temperature (below 30°C), away from light and moisture. Keep out of reach of children.

Elderly: No dose adjustment is required for Dilarof in elderly patients, though monitoring for adverse effects such as psychiatric symptoms and weight loss is advised.

Hepatic impairment: No adjustment needed for mild impairment (Child-Pugh A); contraindicated in moderate-to-severe impairment (Child-Pugh B or C).

Renal impairment: No dose adjustment required for Dilarof.

Pediatric patients: Safety and efficacy of Dilarof have not been established in patients under 18 years of age; not recommended for this population, as COPD is primarily a disease of adults.

Pregnant/breastfeeding women: See the Pregnancy and Lactation section.

Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitors; anti-inflammatory respiratory agents used specifically in COPD management.

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